Wei Zhongxian v. Lin Dongdang, who is loyal to whom?

In history, most kings who have lost their country are always cast aside by thepeople, because they are often too extravagant, do not care about the people'slives, and eventually die, and the country is destroyed.

But one such emperor won sympathy after his death. He was the ChongzhenEmperor of the Ming Dynasty.

The image of

Chongzhen Emperor in the film and television drama Chongzhen Emperorworked hard and wanted to do something. Unfortunately, he took over themess that was defeated by generations of ancestors.

From Chongzhen's painful struggle, we can feel the pain of the heart. Asfor the destruction of the huge and clumsy Ming Empire, Pan should not onlyleave Chongzhen alone.

The ancestral system made the Ming Dynasty a clumsy empire.

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty and established an immortal cause.His care for the people deserves recognition.

However, Zhu Yuanzhang was not familiar with finance, finance and trade becauseof his family background.

The image of

Zhu Yuanzhang in film and television works Zhu Yuanzhang believesthat his wise and sacred martial arts defeated the Yuan Dynasty. He didn'trealize the financial collapse at the end of the Yuan.

He followed closely and, like Song Yuan, issued the "Bright Money".

Zhu Yuanzhang honestly believes that paper money is a good thing and can beprinted at will. He didn't understand the logic behind it, and of coursehe wasn't interested.

Therefore, when the strange "Daming Bao Chao" appeared, there was noreserve fund.

In other words, you can exchange the real gold and silver in your hand forDaming Bao Coin at the established exchange rate, but if you want to use DaMing Bao Coin for the same way, I'm sorry, this is not possible.

Even if ordinary people are stupid, they will not see it. In markettransactions, people found that "Bright Money" was unreliable,consciously resisted, and still bought and sold gold, silver, and copper coins.

As a last resort, Zhu Yuanzhang used his power to arbitrarily interfere and banprivate gold and silver transactions. After many hardships of the

Daming treasure

, Zhu Yuanzhang seems to have glimpsed the money, but his inherent peasantconsciousness also appeared. When the government spends money, he usesmore banknotes, and when the government collects money, he uses fewerbanknotes.

For example, when people pay sales tax, 70% use paper money and 30% use hardcurrency. To make up for hard currency, people have to spend a lot ofmoney to exchange. Not surprisingly, the "Daming treasure coin"depreciated significantly.

Zhu Yuanzhang's design of this system is fair because, apart from pit people,pit people's officials will not relent.

Officials' wages were initially paid with food, but later, some money becamesilver money, and the value of silver money depreciated, so naturally less foodcould be exchanged.

In order to ensure the lowest standard of living, the Ming Dynasty establishedthe silver standard under civil resistance and strong protests from officials.

The development of commercial trade and the over-industrialization of the

Ming dynasty government and the private people called for the establishment ofa silver standard, which coincided with the Atlantic wave of trade.

In the great era of western navigation,

Spain occupied Mexico with the highest silver reserves, and used thePhilippines as a springboard to open a trade channel between China and Japan.

However, Ming Taizu did not understand the rules of foreign trade during theSong and Yuan Dynasties.

In the eyes of Ming Taizu, they all paid tribute by admiring Chinese culture,so even Western businessmen must disguise themselves as envoys to pay tribute.

The tributary delegation presented gifts to the emperor of the MingDynasty. The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty gave these missions several timesthe value in return. For a long time, the Ming Dynasty has been trading ata loss.

The foreign trade that made money during the Song and Yuan Dynasties became aburden on the Ming royal family.

Neighboring countries in northern China, Japan and Mongolia, also regarded theMing Dynasty as their sucker.

The Ming Dynasty's response was to reduce the number and value of Japanesetribute. Normal trade has been hit. The Japanese began randomsmuggling and pirate attacks on China's coastal areas, and the Japanese beganto create chaos on the southeast coast.

Similarly, Ming Yingzong found that more than half of Mongolian tributes werefake, so he only rewarded them according to the prescribed amount. Thisangered Yexian and led to changes in the civil package.

The captured images of Ming Yingzong and Zhu Qizhen in film and televisiondramas

began to impose strict sea embargoes on the Ming Dynasty.

Since then, Chinese goods have been sold to Japan. Silver from Hyogo,Japan, also flowed into China when it was bought again from Spain.

Silver flowed back and forth into China, and the Ming Dynasty became averitable "silver empire."

Zhang's overestimation of reform.

Since there are so many business incomes, it can be said that the DPRK shouldraise the business tax to a dominant position, but the old empire has not madesuch preparations. I don't know what has changed.

This is because the business tax is a highly fluid and highly variable tax,which requires the Ming Dynasty to completely abandon its "fourmodernizations" of the business view and to match it with a professionalbureaucracy.

However, in a dynamic society, the Ming Dynasty still chose to deal with itstatically.

The image of Jiajing in the film and television drama is

still the main source of tax revenue in the Ming Dynasty. After all, theamount of land that has changed in a short period of time is not as large ascommercial revenue.

The government should increase population and land from war in the Hongwuperiod to peace in the Jialong Bay period. However, official figures arealarming, and population and land have decreased.

The reason was that Zhu Yuanzhang gave his descendants a lot of land, and lateremperors had to consider their spouses. These people do not have to paytaxes. They are not content to occupy a large amount of land, and alwaystry to annex the land of ordinary people.

It happened that the Ming Dynasty was another dynasty that did not suppressmergers.

In addition, local officials have hidden fields. "Yellow Book"and "White Paper" are different. The yellow book is used to dealwith superiors. The population and land recorded are very small, so thetaxes to be paid are naturally small. The white paper is the actualrecorded amount and tax basis for local officials.

There is no doubt that the difference was taken into the pockets of localofficials.

Zhang's reform solved several deadlocks on the premise of financial chaos inthe imperial power. In particular, it puts pressure on local officialsthrough the